The Magic Circle Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Magic Circle Essay, Research Paper The Magic Circle The Magic Circle, by Donna Jo Napoli managed three boss characters. In the account a grown-up female named The Ugly One has the ability to retouch. The grown-up female has a wonderful young lady named Asa. The Ugly one is a performer ; who other than assists sick with peopling who are controlled by fallen angels. The Ugly one turns into a conjurer after seize with getting teeth the finger off a mutilated darling child and needing a sharp aureate ring. The central character is The Ugly Sorcerer who is a kyphosis. From the outset she helps present children during childbirth thus she turns into a performer when her neighbor convinces her to larn the methods of an advisor. She utilizes an amethyst stone that is heavenly with the goal that she can pull a hover known as a beguiling circle. The circle keeps her safe while refering to fallen angels that attempt to transform her into a magician. We will compose a custom paper test on The Magic Circle Essay Research Paper The or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A grown-up male requested that her retouch his child with an overabundance finger, however then again of using her forces she just chomps it off thus she indiscreetly ventures out of the beguiling circle to hang on the one time wanted ring and is tragically she is transformed into a conjurer. A male youngster named Peter is one of H Er patients. The Ugly one fixes him and they become companions. Diminish encourages her all he thinks about the Satans. Dwindle is an ordinary youthful child who keeps his religion in The Ugly one rock dirt the terminal. Subside transforms into a solid juvenile grown-up male who is truly thinking about life systems and fiends because of his surveies in books. Bala was the neighbor who persuaded The Ugly One to patch individuals. The Ugly One was non sure if the Bala was acceptable or insidious due to her name. The letters in Bala s name were so like the Devils names. Bala rewarded The Ugly one actually savagely and had no respect for her since she was a kyphosis. At the point when The Ugly One transformed into a magician, Bala was extremely rapid to betray her and agreed with the group. In choice, The Magic Circle was an extremely interesting book. It introduced the foundation and an alternate situation to the great known fantasy Hansel and Gretel. By hearing the full account a thoughtful position is created toward the underhanded magician. The Ugly One was deceived from an existence of an advisor to the life of a youngsters eating sorcerer. The account of Hansel and Gretel will be taken a gander at in an alternate way until the end of time.

f=ma essays

f=ma expositions The table beneath shows the outcomes including normal occasions and figurings of increasing speed: Mass Force (N) Distance Speed (m/s) Average Time (S) Acceleration (m/s theoretically) Acceleration (m/s try) Right off the bat, the speed was determined by partitioning the separation by time. The regular recipe of speed, separation and time was utilized to work these outcomes out. The separation is consistent at 1metre partitioned by the normal time (estimated like a flash) equivalents to the speed written in the units of meters every second. From working out the speed the quickening can likewise be worked out. The speeding up of an item is the rate at which its speed changes. It is the proportion of how rapidly an article is speeding. With the aftereffects of this analysis the increasing speed can be determined by separating the speed with normal time. This should result to quickening estimated in m/sâ ². Chart 3 shows as the power of the article expands the speeding up additionally increments relying upon the mass of the item. As the mass becomes heavier the increasing speed diminishes. Speed (m/s) = Distance (m) Acceleration (m/sâ ²) = Change in speed (m/s) Time taken (s) Time taken (s) Example: Velocity = separation isolated time taken Speed = 1 meter isolated 3,16 seconds Acc = change in speed isolated time taken Acc = (0.32 meters per sec - 0 miles for each sec) separated 3.16 sec = 0.01 meters per secondâ ² (m/sâ ²) Power (Newtons) = mass (kilograms) X Acceleration (meters per secondâ ²) Example: Acceleration = power separated mass (F=MA) Increasing speed = 0.1 Newtons separated 1 kilogram ... <!

The Welfare State

HISTORY OF THE WELFARE STATE: The job and importance of the Beveridge Report in building up the Welfare State in Britain. The motivation behind this exposition is to take a gander at the long history of the Welfare State in Britain and the advancing social, financial and political changes in the public eye today, just as the introduction of the Welfare State after the Second World War which was the defining moment (watershed) in British History.The newly named Labor government by then assumed the activity of setting up a ‘welfare state’ that would efficiently manage the ‘five monster evils’ proposed by William Beveridge in a report, which later got known as the Beveridge report. The British government assistance state, in the event that it is to be characterized, it is commonly joined with Sir William Beveridge and the after war period.Welfare State is the idea wherein government assumes a key job in securing and advancing the financial and social prosperity of its residents, in light of the standards of equivalent open door in the circulation of riches and open obligation regarding the individuals who come up short on the negligible arrangements for a decent life, for instance great wellbeing, training and essential salary (Abercrombie and Warde 2000). Is it the duty of an administration to accommodate its resident, shouldn't something be said about the expense, since it can prompt ever-expanding open spending that the legislature may discover hard to sustain.According to Abercrombie and Warde (2000) the term ‘welfare state’ was concocted, following the Second World War when Social arrangement was creating. During the Second World War, the alliance government headed by Winston Churchill, the moderate party burn conveyor intentionally arranged the formation of a superior Britain than the one wherein numerous individuals have lived in the neediness blasted 1930s.Plans were drafted and strategies were produced which were to guarantee that, in peacetime, there would be a family emotionally supportive network, great social insurance for every single, more occupation will be made accessible just as making new towns and satisfactory lodging (Walsh et al, 2000). Be that as it may, in 1941, during the Second World War, Sir William Beveridge was given an assignment by Winston Churchill (wartime executive of the alliance government) to head an interdepartmental board of trustees of government workers in a nvestigation and assess the national protection approaches just as recommendations of approaches to improve them (Addison, 2005). Be that as it may, as indicated by Walsh et al (2000) Beveridge went farther than the first terms of references given him. In the last proclamation know as the ‘Beveridge report’ ( ), it was presented by its engineer, Sir William Beveridge, to the British parliament in 1942. All through this report, Beveridge continued referencing the abrogation of ‘want’ which was accepted to be the serious issue at the time.He anticipated significant changes in wellbeing, lodging, and training; in light of the fact that the approaches expected to assault the five goliath wrongs were set out in detail in his report. The five monster shades of malice were need, sickness, numbness, inaction and filth by which he implied destitution, joblessness, poor lodging and absence of access to not too bad training and social insurance. This report was radical and became mainstream halfway in light of its guarantee of standardized savings for all, and incompletely on the grounds that it infers the vision of the peacetime life guaranteed by Winston Churchill around then for which million were aching (Abercrombie and Warde 2000).Winston Churchill was upset on the grounds that the Beveridge report raised issues which occupied people’s consideration from the Second World War just as taking steps to create discussion between the alliance governments. He additio nally opposed the Beveridge report on the ground that no legislature could submit ahead of time the use in question, accordingly, disarrays between the Conservative and the Labor individuals and this influenced his political race champagne during the post war (Addison, 2005).William Beveridge proposals dependent on social study, were intended to handle destitution basically through the advancement of a national government managed savings framework, giving salary security ‘from the support to the grave’( life - long) that will just because permitted the British individuals to have genuine pay security that would be accessible to everybody paying little heed to implies testing.As much as the ‘five giant’ contrasts from one another, there is an association among them, for instance, joblessness in the public arena makes individuals need monetarily and this can prompt absence of good clinical consideration, need, poor lodging and so forth. The Five monster disas ters; Want, basically this alludes to destitution or need, during the post war a great deal of the British individuals were out of luck, they had no fundamental money related help and medicinal services to keep them alive just as keeping them over the neediness line by which salary doesn't cover necessities.Due to absence of budgetary help individuals couldn't manage the cost of instruction and this brought about absence of information which is alluded to as Ignorance, this was because of poor training. To make matter most noticeably terrible there was no national human services since, this must be paid for, yet there was no cash and clinical consideration was not free and this prompted the flare-up of numerous ailments, for example, cholera, this was likewise connected to need, no cash no clinical care.Nevertheless, there were emergency clinics and just the wealthy in the public arena could manage the cost of clinical treatment, in any case, today the government assistance state ha d made clinical treatment accessible for all paying little mind to work status. Individuals were living in ghettos on the grounds that there was poor lodging and this was alluded to as squalors, there is no distinction today despite the fact that the government assistance state has made arrangement for lodging and a portion of these houses have been transformed into ghettos by their occupant.Occupant of these houses don’t care to keep these houses clean since it cost them nothing, this goliath is called Squalor, today is still with us. The last goliath was alluded to as Idleness, this was because of the headache from despondencies from the hour of joblessness, today a few people have decided to remain inactive, in light of the fact that the state will take care of and house them. As much as the government assistance state is acceptable, the Victorian ‘workhouses’ would have been useful in managing inaction in the public arena, since one would need to work at the workhouse so as to find support from the state.The Beveridge report was a significant archive since it set out nitty gritty arrangements for the assault expected to decimate the five mammoth shades of malice, however the five goliath wrongs were not devastated totally, be that as it may, the Beveridge report left a heritage, the NHS and now there is in no way like outright neediness in Britain as contrast with the years prior to the Second World War when individuals use to really stay in bed ghetto, along these lines the Beveridge report was an outline on which the government assistance state was developed in light of the fact that it helped shape Britain’s social approaches. (Naidoo and Wills, 2008). The distribution of the Beveridge report was an incredible success.Majority of the British open invited the report’s finding and wished to see them actualized as fast as conceivable as indicated by an assessment of public sentiment (national chronicles, 2003). This demons trates the degree to which the populace had moved to one side wing (speaking to the Labor party) throughout the Second World War. The post war political race, in June 1945 brought about an avalanche triumph for the Labor Party drove by Clement Attlee , who guaranteed in their political race that they will handle Beveridge’s five monster disasters and set up ‘New Jerusalem’ which was hesitantly dismissed by Winston Churchill.To actualize the Beveridge’s report, the Labor party assaulted the ‘five goliath evil’ by passing enactments, however they were not totally decimated, be that as it may, one of the mammoth called infection, the most celebrated handled by the Labor government left the state with an inheritance, the 1946 National Health Service Act which implied free available human services framework for all start in 1948, however it was massively costly. In 1946 the national protection act was passed to handled the mammoth called ‘wan t’ making arrangements for the jobless and pregnant ladies, benefits for the resigned and etc.The instruction Act 1944, a moderate plan to handle ‘ignorance’ so training was made free, the school leaving age was moved to 16 years already 15. In 1947 Labor passed the instruction demonstration into law. In 1948 the business and preparing act was passed to handle both ‘ignorance’ and ‘idleness’ making arrangement for school leavers , demobbed administration men to prepare and built up a gifted workforce. What's more, board house structures and full work was improved conceivable by an economy after the war. The five mammoths were handled, however were not devastated, in light of the fact that neediness has consistently lived with society.Comparably, there is in no way like outright destitution in Britain today not at all like before the government assistance state when individuals needed to make their homes in ghettos. Government assistance states shift transiently just as geologically. Like time government assistance states don't stop. Their advancement relies upon decisions made inside limitations (Powell, 1999). As indicated by Marx (1999) government assistance states make their own narratives, yet not inside conditions based on their very own preference (refered to in Powell, 1999). Today, the suggestions and arrangements that were nitty gritty in the Beveridge eport to handle destitution basically through the improvement of a national government managed savings framework are as yet considered to give the establishment of the cutting edge government assistance state References Lambert, T (2010). A Brief History of Poverty [online]. Accessible from: http://www. localhistories. organization/povhist. html. [Accessed on 25th January 2011] National Archive (2003). The Welfare State [online]. Accessible from: http://www. nationalarchives. gov. uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/government assistance. htm. [Accessed on 30th January 2011] Addi

How Hazlitt in On Gusto and Steele in The Spectator No. 84 Appeal to the Readers Emotions - Literature Essay Samples

The scholar Denise Gigante described the great age of the English essay as â€Å"a vibrant gallery of personae speaking in a multiplicity of voices†[1]. This can be represented vividly by the two essays â€Å"On Gusto† by William Hazlitt and Richard Steele’s essay No. 84 in The Spectator. Both essays are starkly different in style and approach, and more importantly both rely heavily on the emotional response of the reader. They are two excellent examples of how diverse and intense the English essay can be, whilst at the same time employing an abundance of literary techniques to coax the desired response from the reader, whether this is frustration, shock or wonder. They also achieved this through the boundaries that the genre of the English essay allowed them to cross, giving them more freedom to the hearts of readers; â€Å"essayists preferred to address readers as confidants, taking them into the private space of the study to consider human nature and events i n a more relaxed manner†[2]. There is the same sort of passion detected in both of the essays, but in Steele’s essay it is a lot more dramatic, heavy and melancholy: Pharamond calls his friends entrance as â€Å"The Gate of the Unhappy†[3] and his crying â€Å"Tears of the Afflicted†[4]. Of course, the use of capitals is important in creating almost ridiculously dramatic titles and scenes, which in turn create a theatrical image in our imaginations. Although this makes the reader a lot more emotionally responsive, it also acts as a barrier. In creating scenes through unrealistic language Steele pushes the reader away, which is in fact intentional because it allows the reader to see the metaphorical representations in the essay, for example, the reader acknowledges quite consciously that essay No. 84 is highly emotionally charged and dramatic. (However, it is interesting to note that there are only theatrical aspects in language, not in action. The action is actually very normal: Eucrate ente rs a room to a somewhat tired Pharamond who informs him that his friend was killed in a duel.) Steele can then achieve his aim in revealing to the reader the true intention of the narrative, which is withheld. The reason Steele withholds the point of the narrative is to create a more emotional and effective response. The skill in doing this is that a reader subconsciously creates a preconceived idea of where the narrative might lead or one might feel they have the style figured out, but in actual fact, when the crux of the essay is revealed later on then not only are our senses surprised but it also transforms what we previously read, remoulding it into the perspective of the main argument. But Steeles objective was never â€Å"designed to give any Man any secret wound by concealment†[5]. Instead, he does the complete opposite and uses his initial evasiveness in the essay to reinforce the main argument and create more of a sympathetic response to Steele’s message. He goes on to make his plight explicit by explaining the cause of why men practice the terrible act of duelling. Men feel they have to protect their â€Å"Point of Honour†[6]. Steele give this phrase capitals to heighten its status which is an act of mockery because there is nothing noble in it, there is only a waste of human life when men are willing to die to protect their pride. It is also a mark of vanity in the sense that it encourages the highest state of pride in a man. In protecting himself a man avoids shame, which is â€Å"the greatest of all Evils†. This bold remark is made with justified cause and its confidence makes is a very attractive statement. Steele is deploying the use rhetoric, which is similar to Hazlitt’s essay ‘On Gusto’, in making matter-of-fact statements which, with dramatic high language, convinces the reader that duelling is a calamity and that it is worth collapsing in â€Å"a Flood of Tears†[7]. Throughout the essay looming words are built up to give the text a sense of great authority and emotion: â€Å"Anguish†, â€Å"Sorrow†, â€Å"Vengeance†, â€Å"Tears of Rage† and â€Å"Agony† are some of the words used.[8] We discover a man was â€Å"killed in a Duel†[9], which is the reason for the wallowing of Eucrate and is the focus of the essay. The use of a d ramatic and high style language makes the text emotionally charged and we are forced to sympathise with Eucrate’s sense of injustice: â€Å"Pharamond has taken him from me! [†¦] The merciful Pharamond does destroy his own Subjects, the Father of his Country does murder his own people.†[10] Here we begin to see clearly that Steele is protesting against the lack of humanity and â€Å"Negligence†[11] in allowing duelling. More interestingly, however, it shifts the blame of the crime onto the highest authority, because Pharamond is the king. This is a controversial statement because Hazlitt is blaming the eighteenth century king George III for the legitimacy of duelling. On the other hand, Hazlitt adopts an argumentative style that address the heart of emotionally provocative and charged issues as seen in ‘On Gusto’ and ‘On Common-Place Critics’. Hazlitt recognizes the difficulty of his concept ‘gusto’ directly in his essay when he says, â€Å"this is not easy to explain†[12]. In admitting this, Hazlitt redirects the reader into grappling with his definition and solidifies his own judgment as true, forcing the reader to accept that even if what Hazlitt means isn’t communicated well enough to convince, it is still true. Within Hazlitt’s forceful rhetoric, he also forces the reader in another way, which reflects on Hazlitt’s greatest qual ity. This is his argumentative and writing style. His arguments in his essays are accumulative. The word ‘accumulative’ is essential here because it highlight how Hazlitt is unique in the English essay in the way he introduces an argument and creates layer after layer of evidence and explanation to prove that opening argument. In this way Hazlitt somewhat overwhelms the reader into submission and one cannot help but agree that Hazlitt is the master of ‘gusto’ and in discriminating between works of art. This technique is greatly emotive because it can cause the reader to either feel awe or frustration and anger. It is easy to feel one is being force-fed Hazlitt’s views; his statements become like the Greek sculpture he so aptly describes as â€Å"immoveable†[13].Hazlitt goes on to say in the essay, â€Å"he saw the atmosphere, but he did not feel it†[14]. Somehow this quote’s implication of feeling as essential acts to symbolise a certain aspect of Hazlitt’s essay that can make the reader infuriated. Here Hazlitt not only demands genius of a painter’s brush but more. In what way can we want more ‘genius’? Doesn’t the word in itself represent something beyond human limitations? Although there should be a negative answer Hazlitt forces us to realise the logic of his truth. There can be no painting with gusto without â€Å"imagination† or â€Å"feeling†. Not only does the very painting have to have a unique creativity that depicts energy or a painterly quality but there has to be a fluidity too. Here the same obstacle o f articulation is being reached as Hazlitt knew too well. However, what is important is that each work of art has to be judged on its individual merits. There can be no neat phrase into which ‘gusto’ can fall, â€Å"it is not easy to explain†[15]. It has been asserted that â€Å"The undeclared stylistic objective [of the English essay] was to teach readers how to read critically and to create meaning from the fluid, freewheeling form of the essay.†[16] The reason why the English essay stormed the English language the way it did was because it gained new access to the reader’s emotions and senses in a new way that had never been properly discovered. William Hazlitt and Richard Steele are perfect examples to display this. They both use rhetoric in an innovative way, revealing their own principles and messages almost too effectively as to become burdensome to the reader. So radical was the essayist in piercing the hearts of readers and their imagination that they can boldly be named as â€Å"Chaucers of their age†[17]. Those who attack Hazlitt’s essays as being â€Å"vulgarisms and broken English†[18] only fail to see the object of his writings. Bibliography Greenblatt, Stephen (General Editor), The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol 2, 8th ed, (W. W. Norton Co: London: 2006) Addison, Joseph and Richard Steele, The Spectator, Volume 1, http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Spectator-Volume-110.html [Accessed 22 April 2010] Gigante, Denise, (editor), The Great Age of the English Essay: An Anthology, (Yale University Press: London: 2008) [1] Greenblatt, Stephen (General Editor), The Norton Anthology of English Literature, (2006), Introduction, p.xi. [2] (see note 1 above) Introduction, p.xxi. [3] Richard Steele, ‘No. 84’ in The Spectator. [4] (see note 3 above) [5] (see note 1 above) Introduction, p.xviii. [6] (see note 3 above) [7] (see note 3 above) [8] (see note 3 above) [9] (see note 3 above) [10] (see note 3 above) [11] (see note 3 above) [12] William Hazlitt, ‘On Gusto’ in The Norton Anthology of English Literature. p.541. [13] (see note 12 above) p.540. [14] (see note 12 above) p.540. [15] (see note 12 abo ve) p.541. [16] (see note 1 above) Introduction, p.xvii. [17] (see note 1 above) Introduction, p.xxiv. [18] (see note 12 above) p.287.

Politics Dissertations - Leninsim Affect Russia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3912 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? There are various reasons and factors that can be used to explain the affect that Marxism / Leninism had upon Russia and why it was to achieve that affect. Some of these explanations are based around the actions of the Bolshevik Party that seized power in October 1917 and did not formally relinquish that power until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Other reasons are based around factors that were not directly caused by the Bolshevik Party yet it was able to use them to its own advantage to affect Russia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Politics Dissertations Leninsim Affect Russia" essay for you Create order Marxism / Leninism would become the official ideology of the Soviet Union which was basically Tzarist Russia shorn of Finland, Poland and for a time the Baltic States. Yet history and politics could have been completely different without the combination that enabled Marxism / Leninism to affect Russia with some spectacular and arguably some disastrous results. At the end there will be a discussion of the books used as references for this work and their respective value and merit. Lenin had pledged that he would bring about the first Marxist State at the funeral of Karl Marxs daughter and son in law in 1911. Few took him seriously although events would vindicate his confidence (Wheen, 1999, p. 386). To start with the Bolshevik Party was a Marxist party that few outside the Tzarist secret police took seriously or knew that they existed. They were a splinter from the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party that seemed to spend more time arguing with the other half of that defunct party, the Mensheviks rather than destroying the imperial government through a successful socialist revolution (Longley 1980 p.8). Karl Marx and Frederick Engels had predicted that socialist revolutions would only occur in advanced capitalist countries such as Britain, Germany and the US not in backward Tzarist Russia. Russian industry had started to develop yet had not produced enough proletariat workers for most Marxists to expect a communist revolution. Lenin however believed that revolution in Russia was possible so long as the Bolshevik party could not gain support from the proletariat but the peasants that constituted the vast majority of the population as well. Although Marx had preached that time was on the side of the workers and that history would witness their final triumph over capitalism, Lenin was of the opinion that history needed to be made rather than just waited for. Marxism/Leninism was based on the promise that the Bolshevik party had to become the vanguard of the proletariat and achieve power in its name via revolutionary struggle. Lenin was the driving force behind the Bolshevik party he guided its strategy, ideology and was its undisputed leader. Without Lenin there would have been no Leninism and probably no Marxism in Russia. However, Lenin was only able to take power due to some opportunities that unexpectedly came along and gave the Bolshevik party its chance to enforce Marxism/Leninism on Russia. Russia had seemed to overcoming the threat of a successful revolution, as the internal political and security situation seemed to have settled down after the 1905 revolution. That revolution had been a sign of things to come as it was set off as a result of defeat against Japan during the war of 1904-05. Instead of a straightforward victory, the Russian army was heavily defeated in Korea and Manchuria whilst the once proud Russian navy was virtually destroyed. Even such a short war had put a strain on the Russian economy and shown it to be militarily ineffective despite the size of its army. The Tzar did nothing to rectify the shortcomings of the Russian army to the countrys detriment yet to the advantage of revolutionary organisations (Roberts, 1996 p. 428). The economic reforms of Stolypin seemed to restore stability and enhance industrial development although he advised the Tzar to avoid further wars. One consequence of the 1905 revolution had been the creation of Russias first parliament, the Duma that in reality took no power from the Tzarist autocracy. Only the collapse of that power would make way for successful revolution (Hobsbawm, 1994 p.58). The immaturity of Russian political parties in the democratic process, the limited franchise and power of the Duma would assist the affect that Marxism / Leninism had on Russia. That is because the opponents of the Bolsheviks could not offer a strong alternative of a constitutional monarchy or liberal republic. The Communist Party also had party members that were given jobs to get the civil service, the police and the army functioning again after the disruption caused by war and revolution. Hobsbawm mentions that the experience of underground activity against the Tzarist and Provisional governments had made the Communists more determined and effective than their opponents (Hobsbawm, 1994 p.58). The great catalyst for revolutionary change and a strong factor in Marxism / Leninism having the profound affect on Russia that it did was the First World War which wrought havoc on the old order of Europe. Despite the embarrassing defeat of 1904-05, Russia remained on paper as much as in reality a great power that could have altered the balance of power in Europe. If the war had been short and victorious than perhaps things would have been different and the monarchy could have survived and successfully avoided revolution. The outbreak of war as in much of Europe was greeted with popular enthusiasm and support for the imperial regime (Hobsbawm, 1994 p.58). Russia was allied to France and its old rival Britain and also considered itself the protector of the Slavic peoples of Central and Eastern Europe, especially Serbia (Marix Evans, 2002, p. 12). Germany had feared the sheer size of the Russian army rather than its quality. That fear led to the creation of the S P that came very close to quickly knocking France out of the war and thus allowing the Germans to concentrate on defeating Russia. The Russians had high expectations of success in August 1914 when they attempted to invade Germany. However these hopes were dashed when they were routed at Tannenberg. After that the Russian army never regained the initiative. Even with only 20 % of the German army being available on the Eastern Front the Russians were completely outclassed (Colvin, 2003 p.238). Russian loses were staggering at least 130,000 casualties with the additional loss of between 180-500 heavy guns. Worse still was the fact that Russia could not replace the loss of its finest men and equipment as it lacked the ability to adequately train replacements and the industrial capacity to replace lost equipment (Colvin, 2003, p. 244). Nicholas II staked the future of the Romanov dynasty upon the successful outcome of the First World War. Given the weaknesses of the Russian economy, its backward industries and its chronically under equipped and led army that was a recipe for disaster. To make things worse Nicholas II compounded that error by making himself commander in chief of the army and thus directly to blame for its failures. Being away from Petrograd much of the time meant he was not fully aware of events and unable to change policies to avert trouble. As Nicholas II was ultimately responsible for Russian policy he could have stayed out of the First World War and done much to prevent revolution and civil war. Castleden was not the first and will not be the last to suggest that the incompetence of the Tzarist government allowed Marxism / Leninism to affect Russia (Castleden, 2005 p.216). Support for the government crumbled away as the war went from bad to worse meaning more extreme ideas such as Marxism / Leni nism were seen as alternatives to the Tzarist regime. War time conditions meant civilians had to survive on lower rations. Radical groups and parties such as the Bolsheviks offered the hope of food and promised to end the war attracting support from workers, peasants and workers. Both agricultural and industrial output declined as men left for the army and were not replaced. Weapons shortages at the front when combined with food and fuel shortages brought Russia to the brink of revolution (Hobsbawm, 1994 p.58). The entry of Turkey into the First World War had prevented the British and French supplying the Russian war effort, making it harder for the regime to stay in the war and survive its intense hardships. The failure of the Gallipoli offensive to knock Turkey out of the war meant that the Russians were in serious risk of losing the war. Marix Evans mentions that Turkey got in the way of the British and French keeping the Russians in the war as well as threatening their oil supplies (Marix Evans, 2002 p.111). The severity of the 1916 winter brought things to a head contributing to the strikes in Petrograd that escalated into the February Revolution and the replacement of the autocracy by the Provisional Government. The Provisional Government played into the hands of the Bolsheviks with the decision to continue fighting in the war. That error allowed Lenin and the Bolsheviks to make their propaganda more effective whilst planning a coup or revolution at the earliest opportune moment. Once Lenin returned from exile via Germany he and Leon Trotsky started the process of preparing their revolution by taking over workers, peasants and soldiers soviets, pledging bread, peace and land to maximise their support. Marxism / Leninism was able to affect Russia due to the astuteness that Lenin and Trotsky displayed during 1917 on the way towards, during and after the October Revolution (Lindley, 1980 p.7). Marxism / Leninism had an affect on Russia as the Bolsheviks were able to take over the Russian state following the October Revolution and tightened that control during the Russian Civil War. Lenin authorised the use of secret police, executions and war communism during the civil war; the ruthlessness of the new regime allowed it to survive. Trotsky formed the Red Army that won the civil war, which was then used to control the Soviet Union in the name of the Communist Party. The Communists promoted Marxism / Leninism in schools farms, in factories and in the Red Army. The people of the Soviet Union were indoctrinated with Marxism / Leninism and faced repressive measures if they acted against Marxism / Leninism and the first state too openly proclaim it. During Stalins period of office as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxism / Leninism provided the ideological context for brutally imposed collectivisation and industrialisation even if it did not excuse his bloody purges, mass deportations and murders (Castleden, 2005 p. 245). Marxism / Leninism in theory had extolled the virtues of the differing nationalities within the Soviet Union in an effort to keep control over the different parts of the Russian empire that sought independence after the collapse of the monarchy. The Red Army had ended the Ukraines brief independence, been unable to regain Finland and the Baltic States whilst suffering defeat against Poland. Although Stalin was a Georgian himself brutally suppressed nationalism in the Soviet republics outside of Russia itself. This would prove especially the case in his native Georgia and the second largest republic within the Soviet Union, the Ukraine. Therefore Marxism / Leninism affected Russia by keeping the majority of the old Tzarist Empire intact in a different form until the final collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Instead of the monarchy binding the empire together the official ideology of Marxism / Leninism bound the Soviet Union together. Stalin was responsible for the executions, deport ations or simply leaving millions of non-Russian nationalists to starve to death. He was more of a Russian imperialist than any Tzar had ever been with the facility to use as much state controlled terror as he considered apt to keep the Soviet Union under his control (Bullock, 1991, pp 30-01). Stalin arguably took the Soviet Union in a different direction than Lenin had intended to, or so those that wish to clear Lenin of any blame for the excesses of the Stalin regime would claim. Lenins premature death meant that different factions within the Communist Party would claim to be acting in his name with their own version of Marxism / Leninism. Even before the outcomes of those power struggles was decided Lenin was made the focal point of the Soviet states propaganda and education. Thus Marxism / Leninism had an impact on Russia due to the cult of personality the Communist Party developed around Lenin after his death. In the Soviet Union, Lenins name and image were everywhere. All his successors claimed that everything they did was done in his name and that is how he would have done things when he was living (Lindley, 1980 p.7). The cult of Lenin began in earnest after his funeral and with Stalin later carrying out all his policies in the name of Marxism / Leninism. It was St alin that made Marxism / Leninism affects upon Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union more deeply than may otherwise have been the case (Bullock, 1991 pp.148-49). Trotsky had seemed the most likely to succeed Lenin although he died without nominating his own successor, yet Trotsky would lose that power struggle with Stalin. Stalin had longer to make Marxism / Leninism than any other Communist leader especially with the dire consequences of some of his policies such as collectivisation. Stalin made the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party the most powerful position in the Soviet Union. Stalin completely outmanoeuvred his rivals to gain total control of party and state. Stalin would promote many of his loyalists followers within both party and state. The Stalinist era increased the link between party membership and being successful at work, within the civil service and the armed forces providing individuals could avoid becoming victims of the purges (Pereira, 1992 p. 16). Stalin would change the ethnic make up of the Soviet Union by deporting over a million Tartars and Chechens amongst other ethnic groups to the gulags. In the na me of Marxism / Leninism Stalin tried to ethnically cleanse the Soviet Union to ensure loyalty to his regime. Stalin therefore affected Russia and the other former Soviet republics by laying the foundations for future ethnic disputes such as the Chechen campaigns for independence (Castleden, 2005 p.247). Marxism / Leninism was a term originally used by Stalin in order if not to explain his policies to at least justify their consequences. Humanity was controlled by uncontrollable social forces that still needed to be enacted by leaders with the rare qualities of Lenin and his only viable successor Stalin. Stalin could explain his U-turns in domestic and foreign policy by keeping true to the essence of Marxism / Leninism. Such U-turns included initially supporting the New Economic Policy and then adopting collectivisation and industrialisation after defeating his rivals or Stalins unsuccessful attempts to counter the fascist powers in the 1930s prior to signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939. Stalin was not a man troubled by contradictions or paradox. The strength of the regime and his grip on power came ahead of any ideological consideration (Eatwell Wright, 2003 p. 118). All of Stalins successors until Gorbachev stressed their devotion to Marxism / Leninism as the guiding ideology of the Soviet Union and the centrality of the Communist Party to the Soviet state. Gorbachev tried to reform the Soviet economy and open up its society. Yet by removing the control of the Communist Party he only succeeded in accelerating the collapse of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev proved Lenin and Stalin to be correct, the Soviet Union could not Marxism / Leninism to bind it together (Hobsbawm, 1994 p.498). The Soviet era had left behind a bloody legacy, an estimated 20 million deaths that resulted from Stalins excesses on top of the estimated 8.8 million deaths from the Russian Civil War (Castleden, 2005 p.9). Soviet losses in the Second World War were horrendous at around 20 million due to Hitlers genocidal policies though the Stalinist regime survived much greater damages than the Imperial regime did not (Bullock, 1991 p. 1086). Therefore Marxism / Leninism affected Russia because it was enforced upon the majority of the population following the Bolsheviks seizure of power in October 1917 and the consolidation of that power following their victory in the Russian Civil War. The Bolsheviks had originally been able to take power in Russia due not only to their strengths and strategy but also the weaknesses and mistakes of their immediate predecessors the autocracy of Nicholas II and short-lived Provisional Government. Perhaps the main reasons that Marxism / Leninism had an affect on Russia were the disastrous consequences of the First World War upon the Imperial regime. Defeat in the war with Japan had brought about the 1905 Revolution yet the government had done very little to modernise the army or improve the quality of its men and officers bearing in mind that the highly effective German army was it most likely adversary. Defeat at Tannenberg got the Russians off to a disastrous start to the war made worse when their allies were unable to succeed at Gallipoli in opening supply routes to reinforce the Russian army and its over-stretched industry. Worsening wartime conditions led to the collapse of the Tzarist regime in February 1917 yet staying in the war hampered the chances of the Provisional Government surviving. Lenin and Trotsky planned the successful October Revolution that brought the Communists to power yet had to rebuild the Tzarist state to win the Russian Civil War and secure its own future. Marxism / Leninism as such was the concept of Joseph Stalin who used it to justify the bloody consequences of collectivisation, industrialisation and his purges. Stalin made sure Marxism / Leninism affected the entire Soviet Union and not just Russia. In a sense industrialisation saved Russia following the German invasion of 1941. It survived dire loses and to turn the tide with victories at Stalingrad a nd Kursk. Above all the concepts of Marxism / Leninism affected Russia as it bound it to the other republics of the Soviet Union and delayed the break up of the Russian Empire for 75 years. Bibliography Bullock A (1991) Hitler and Stalin Parallel Lives, Harper Collins, London Castleden R (2005) The Worlds Most Evil People, Time Warner Books, London and New York Colvin J (2003) Decisive Battles Over 20 key naval and military encounters from 480 BC to 1943, Headline Book Publishing, London Eatwell, R. Wright, A (2003) Contemporary Political Ideologies 2nd Edition, Continuum, London Hobsbawm, E (1994) Age of Extremes, the Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, Michael Joseph, London Longley J D Makers of the Twentieth Century: Lenin, History Today, Volume 30, Issue 4, April 1980 Marix Evans M (2002) Over the Top Great Battles of the First World War Pereira N Stalin and the Communist Party in the 1920s, History Today Roberts J M (1995) A History of Europe, Penguin Books, London Wheen F (1999) Karl Marx, Fourth Estate Publications, London Acknowledgement of Sources Bullocks book Hitler and Stalin Parallel Lives is a joint biography of the two men that shaped the world more than anybody else is during the 20th century. As such it is an excellent study of the lives, careers and ideas of both men. Bullock provides a sound analysis of the Communist Partys rise to power and the subsequent emergence of Stalin as the murderous leader of the Soviet Union. Chose to use a biography of Stalin as he is arguably the man most responsible for Marxism / Leninism affecting Russia in the forms that it did. Personal copy of the book obtained a couple years ago at a charity shop. Castledens The Worlds Most Evil People contained three relevant chapters on Nicholas II, Lenin and Stalin. These were the men that deliberately and accidentally allowed Marxism to affect Russia and the other parts of the Soviet Union. Aptly enough Nicholas II is in the section describing evil by incompetence whilst Lenin and Stalin are included in the section on evil tyrants. Over all it is a book that could be used for varied pieces of academic work due to the range of people included in it. It is good for brief overviews of people although access to more detailed sources would be recommended. Personal copy obtained from a discount bookshop. Colvins book was used to explain the Russian defeat at Tannenberg in August 1914 as the central theme of the work was that the First World War was the main cause of Marxism / Leninism being able to affect Russia. Colvins book has the merit of describing all the battles discussed in a concise and succinct manner. The dismal performance of the Russian army at Tannenberg could be compared to the Red Armys hard fought victory at Kursk. Personal copy of the book that was a birthday present. Joseph Femias chapter on Marxism and Communism in Eatwell and Wrights Contemporary Political Ideologies proved to be a useful point of reference for the completion of this piece of work. Femia clearly examines how Lenin and Stalin developed their ideas from Marxism and also where they differed from Marx. Eatwell Wright remains a useful book overall as it other highly relevant chapters on the other main political ideologies such as liberalism and fascism. Have a personal copy of this book, as it has not always been easy to borrow a copy from the university and public libraries. Eric Hobsbawms Age of Extremes, the Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991 is a very useful book to have available as a reference as it explores the economic, political and historical contexts of the period 1914 to 1991 which roughly equates to the period that Marxism / Leninism had its affects on Russia. Age of Extremes is the last of the four book series that started with Age of Revolution in the early 1960s. It also yet again demonstrates Hobsbawms skills as a writer, analyst and historian. Have personal copies of all four books in the series. Longleys Makers of the Twentieth Century: Lenin was taken from History Today in April 1980. This is an article that focuses on Lenins role in promoting the October Revolution and his problems with maintaining control of the Bolshevik Party whilst in exile. The article also describes the cult of Lenin as it was in the Soviet Union in 1980. The article was down loaded from the Historytoday.com website. Marix Evans Over the Top Great Battles of the First World War was consulted to help explain the effect that Russian defeat in the First World War had upon the chances of Marxism / Leninism affecting Russia. The most relevant parts of the book were about why Russia joined the war and the consequences of Turkey joining the war on the side of the Central powers. If interested in military history this is an excellent book, book obtained from the public library. Pereiras Stalin and the Communist Party in the 1920s is a History Today article from 1992. This article describes the ways in which Stalin took over both the Communist Party and the Soviet Union and the ways in which he developed Marxism / Leninism to gain total control of party and state. The article was down loaded from the Historytoday.com website. Roberts A History of Europe was mainly used as reference for the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 and its influence on the 1905 Revolution. Roberts is a very readable history of Europe from the Greeks and Romans to 1995. Chose to use other sources for main part of the work although Roberts would have proved more than adequate. Obtained copy from university library. Wheens Karl Marx is an inspired and enlightening biography of the man responsible for developing the basic concepts of communism. Only chose to use the part about Lenin speaking at the funeral of Marxs daughter, as there was only passing references to Lenin, Stalin and Russia in the rest of the book. Personal copy of the book brought from a charity shop.

Annually 4.8 Million Women Are Physically Assaulted Or

Annually 4.8 million women are physically assaulted or raped by someone they know or their intimate partners, which translates to three women being killed by their partners each day in the United States (Naylor). The United States has an alarming rate of violence against women, which is a grave violation of human rights. Its impact ranges from immediate to long-term physical, sexual, and mental effects for women and girls, such as depression, PTSD and death. Although both genders are guaranteed the same rights and freedoms, women are more often than not faced with injustices and violence at greater rates than men. Treated as second class citizens, for a majority of the country s history, women are oppressed even further through†¦show more content†¦Harm and power are the main goal. Gender based and intimate partner violence poses major public health problems and violations of women s human rights. This pattern of violence can be traced back to the start of American society, when women were stripped of property rights, or any type of ownership, and they’re lives were owned by their husbands. The market culture that began to morph, as well as the self made man model that circulated in American culture, in a way convinced men that they were stronger than women. A tough man was an individual who knew how to keep his wife in her place, whatever means possible including committing intimate partner violence. In a time when women were beginning to exercise their reproductive rights and take leadership roles in the country, the self made man felt endangered and lashed out. In the 70’s through late 80’s there was a â€Å"surge† in reported intimate partner violence cases across the US, however even before this surge there were hundreds, if no t thousands of women suffering from abuse. The men were unable to cope with their power over women vanishing from their hands. Although laws have been enacted in the last 20 years to protect survivors of intimate partner violence, such as the Violence Against Women Act (1994), the abuse continues. As Richard argues’ that although politicians and people of the new generation are sympathetic to violence, in thisShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesthe change is in the results. GE Fanuc’s revenue is up women employees, who composed about three-fourths of the bank’s workers. As a result, several years later about one-fourth of all managers and executives are women. Similar attention also was focused on other diverse groups of employees. So that all employees were given opportunities to grow and learn, the Bank of Montreal’s Institute of Learning was established at a cost exceeding $50 million. The goal of providing five days of training and educationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOverview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma

Knowledge Scholars and Philosophers

Question: Discuss about theKnowledge for Scholars and Philosophers. Answer: Introduction Knowledge is a phenomenal concept prioritised by the scholars, philosophers, educators, and scientists from various backgrounds over the year. Various authors produce different books and publications by concerning the issues regarding the definition of knowledge. Einstein had popularly referred the existence of knowledge in two distinct forms: the one stored lifelessly in the books, and the other found alive in the conscience of human (Garvey, 2014). The second form of knowledge is, of course, the more indispensable type due to the inferior existence of the first form. Alternatively, according to Habermas (2015), knowledge is usually referred to as an aptitude of human generated through the interpretation of information and understanding germinated from a combination of experience, data, and individual perception. From the application of these precise facts, knowledge can be defined as a reliable evidence of a context of circumstance driving human beings to act accordingly if there w ere no impediments. From the different historical examples like the growth of civilisation or establishing a dominant grasp in the different academic or trading areas to the modern rise of technology, it can be easily conferred that knowledge is meant to ensure growth and development of human race (Popper, 2014). For example, the intensive use of knowledge leads to the technologic advancement driving the Western civilisations as the current dominant player in the global platform. Subsequently, one of the useful definitions of knowledge can be granted by analysing the Websters Dictionary claiming it to be fact or condition of learning somewhat innovative with the familiarity expanded through connotation or experience (Habermas, 2015). However, there are multiple plausible definitions of knowledge from the practical illustrations. It can be argued that the substantial contribution of knowledge helps the paper to identify the involving potentials yet to be discovered by human over the passage of time. References Garvey, W. D. (2014).Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Habermas, J. (2015).Knowledge and human interests. John Wiley Sons. Popper, K. (2014).Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. routledge.